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what prideful thing did lucifer do to get cast out

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Mythological and religious figure

This article is near the mythological and religious figure. For other uses, see Match (disambiguation).

Planet Venus in alignment with Mercury (in a higher place) and the Moon (below)

Friction match [1] is one of diverse figures in folklore associated with the planet Venus. The entity's proper name was subsequently absorbed into Christianity as a name for the devil. Modern scholarship generally translates the term in the relevant Bible passage where the Ancient Greek figure'southward proper noun was historically used (Isaiah 14:12) as "morn star" or "shining one" rather than as a proper substantive, Match.[2]

As a name for the Devil in Christian theology, the more mutual meaning in English, "Lucifer" is the rendering of the Hebrew word הֵילֵל (transliteration: hêlēl; pronunciation: hay-lale)[3] in Isaiah[iv] given in the King James Version of the Bible. The translators of this version took the discussion from the Latin Vulgate,[five] which translated הֵילֵל past the Latin word lucifer (uncapitalized),[6] [seven] meaning "the morning star, the planet Venus", or, as an describing word, "light-bringing".[8]

As a proper noun for the planet in its morn aspect, "Lucifer" (Low-cal-Bringer) is a proper noun and is capitalized in English. In Greco-Roman culture, it was frequently personified and considered a god[9] and in some versions considered a son of Aurora (the Dawn).[10] A similar name used by the Roman poet Catullus for the planet in its evening aspect is "Noctifer" (Dark-Bringer).[11]

Roman sociology and etymology [edit]

Lucifer (the morn star) represented as a winged child pouring low-cal from a jar. Engraving by G. H. Frezza, 1704

In Roman sociology, Lucifer ("light-bringer" in Latin) was the proper name of the planet Venus, though information technology was often personified as a male person figure bearing a torch. The Greek proper noun for this planet was variously Phosphoros (besides significant "light-bringer") or Heosphoros (meaning "dawn-bringer").[12] Lucifer was said to be "the fabulous son of Aurora[xiii] and Cephalus, and father of Ceyx". He was frequently presented in poetry as heralding the dawn.[12]

The Latin word corresponding to Greek Phosphoros is Match. It is used in its astronomical sense both in prose[14] and poetry.[15] Poets sometimes personify the star, placing it in a mythological context.[16]

Match'southward mother Aurora is cognate to the Vedic goddess Ushas, Lithuanian goddess Aušrinė, and Greek Eos, all three of whom are besides goddesses of the dawn. All four are considered derivatives of the Proto-Indo-European stalk *h₂ewsṓs [17] (later *Ausṓs), "dawn", a stem that likewise gave ascent to Proto-Germanic *Austrō, Onetime Germanic *Ōstara and Former English language Ēostre / Ēastre. This understanding leads to the reconstruction of a Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess.[eighteen]

The 2nd-century Roman mythographer Pseudo-Hyginus said of the planet:[19]

"The fourth star is that of Venus, Luciferus by proper name. Some say it is Juno's. In many tales it is recorded that information technology is called Hesperus, too. Information technology seems to be the largest of all stars. Some have said it represents the son of Aurora and Cephalus, who surpassed many in beauty, and so that he even vied with Venus, and, as Eratosthenes says, for this reason it is called the star of Venus. Information technology is visible both at dawn and sunset, and and then properly has been chosen both Luciferus and Hesperus."

The Latin poet Ovid, in his get-go-century ballsy Metamorphoses, describes Match equally ordering the heavens:[20]

"Aurora, watchful in the reddening dawn, threw wide her cherry-red doors and rose-filled halls; the Stellae took flying, in marshaled order set past Lucifer who left his station last."

Ovid, speaking of Phosphorus and Hesperus (the Evening Star, the evening advent of the planet Venus) every bit identical, makes him the begetter of Daedalion.[21] Ovid also makes him the father of Ceyx,[22] [23] while the Latin grammarian Servius makes him the male parent of the Hesperides or of Hesperis.[24]

In the classical Roman period, Lucifer was non typically regarded as a deity and had few, if whatever, myths,[12] though the planet was associated with various deities and often poetically personified. Cicero pointed out that "You lot say that Sol the Dominicus and Luna the Moon are deities, and the Greeks identify the former with Apollo and the latter with Diana. But if Luna (the Moon) is a goddess, so Lucifer (the Morn-Star) besides and the rest of the Wandering Stars (Stellae Errantes) will take to exist counted gods; and if so, then the Fixed Stars (Stellae Inerrantes) as well."[25]

Planet Venus, Sumerian folklore, and fall from heaven motif [edit]

The motif of a heavenly being striving for the highest seat of heaven only to be cast down to the underworld has its origins in the motions of the planet Venus, known as the morning star.

The Sumerian goddess Inanna (Babylonian Ishtar) is associated with the planet Venus, and Inanna's actions in several of her myths, including Inanna and Shukaletuda and Inanna'due south Descent into the Underworld appear to parallel the motion of Venus every bit information technology progresses through its synodic cycle.[26] [27] [28] [29]

A similar theme is present in the Babylonian myth of Etana. The Jewish Encyclopedia comments:

The brilliancy of the forenoon star, which eclipses all other stars, simply is not seen during the night, may hands have given ascent to a myth such as was told of Ethana and Zu: he was led by his pride to strive for the highest seat amongst the star-gods on the northern mountain of the gods ... but was hurled down by the supreme ruler of the Babylonian Olympus."[xxx]

The fall from sky motif also has a parallel in Canaanite mythology. In aboriginal Canaanite faith, the morning star is personified as the god Attar, who attempted to occupy the throne of Ba'al and, finding he was unable to do then, descended and ruled the underworld.[31] [32] The original myth may have been near the bottom god Helel trying to dethrone the Canaanite high god El, who lived on a mountain to the due north.[33] [34] Hermann Gunkel's reconstruction of the myth told of a mighty warrior called Hêlal, whose ambition was to ascend higher than all the other stellar divinities, but who had to descend to the depths; it thus portrayed as a battle the process by which the bright forenoon star fails to achieve the highest bespeak in the sky before existence faded out by the ascension sun.[35] Nonetheless, the Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible argues that no evidence has been establish of any Canaanite myth or imagery of a god being forcibly thrown from heaven, equally in the Book of Isaiah (run across below). It argues that the closest parallels with Isaiah'south description of the king of Babylon as a fallen forenoon star cast down from sky are to exist plant not in Canaanite myths merely in traditional ideas of the Jewish people, echoed in the Biblical account of the fall of Adam and Eve, bandage out of God'southward presence for wishing to be as God, and the picture in Psalm 82 of the "gods" and "sons of the Almost Loftier" destined to dice and fall.[36] This Jewish tradition has echoes also in Jewish pseudepigrapha such as two Enoch and the Life of Adam and Eve.[xxx] [37] The Life of Adam and Eve, in plough, shaped the idea of Iblis in the Quran.[38]

The Greek myth of Phaethon, a personification of the planet Jupiter,[39] follows a similar pattern.[35]

Christianity [edit]

In the Bible [edit]

In the Book of Isaiah, chapter fourteen, the king of Babylon is condemned in a prophetic vision by the prophet Isaiah and is called הֵילֵל בֶּן-שָׁחַר ( Helel ben Shachar , Hebrew for "shining i, son of the morning"),[36] who is addressed as הילל בן שחר (Hêlêl ben Šāḥar),[40] [41] [42] [43] The title "Helel ben Shahar" refers to the planet Venus as the morning star, and that is how the Hebrew word is usually interpreted.[2] [44] The Hebrew word transliterated as Hêlêl [45] or Heylel,[46] occurs only once in the Hebrew Bible.[45] The Septuagint renders הֵילֵל in Greek as Ἑωσφόρος [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] (heōsphoros),[52] [53] "bringer of dawn", the Aboriginal Greek proper noun for the morning star.[54] Similarly the Vulgate renders הֵילֵל in Latin every bit Friction match , the name in that linguistic communication for the morning star. Co-ordinate to the King James Bible-based Stiff's Concordance, the original Hebrew word means "shining 1, lite-bearer", and the English translation given in the King James text is the Latin proper noun for the planet Venus, "Lucifer",[46] as it was already in the Wycliffe Bible.

However, the translation of הֵילֵל as "Lucifer" has been abandoned in modernistic English translations of Isaiah fourteen:12. Present-twenty-four hours translations return הֵילֵל as "morning star" (New International Version, New Century Version, New American Standard Bible, Practiced News Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, Common English Bible, Complete Jewish Bible), "daystar" (New Jerusalem Bible, The Message), "Twenty-four hours Star" (New Revised Standard Version, English language Standard Version), "shining one" (New Life Version, New World Translation, JPS Tanakh), or "shining star" (New Living Translation).

In a mod translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase "Lucifer" or "morning time star" occurs begins with the statement: "On the mean solar day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will accept up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has concluded!"[55] After describing the decease of the king, the taunt continues:

How you accept fallen from sky, morning star, son of the dawn! Yous have been cast downward to the earth, you who once laid low the nations! Y'all said in your heart, "I volition arise to the heavens; I will raise my throne higher up the stars of God; I will sit enthroned on the mount of assembly, on the utmost heights of Mount Zaphon. I will ascend above the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Most High." But y'all are brought down to the realm of the dead, to the depths of the pit. Those who see y'all stare at you, they ponder your fate: "Is this the man who shook the earth and made kingdoms tremble, the man who made the world a wilderness, who overthrew its cities and would non allow his captives go habitation?"[56]

For the unnamed[57] "male monarch of Babylon" a wide range of identifications have been proposed.[58] They include a Babylonian ruler of the prophet Isaiah's ain time[58] the after Nebuchadnezzar 2, under whom the Babylonian captivity of the Jews began,[59] or Nabonidus,[58] [60] and the Assyrian kings Tiglath-Pileser, Sargon 2 and Sennacherib.[61] [62] Verse 20 says that this male monarch of Babylon will not be "joined with them [all the kings of the nations] in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, m hast slain thy people; the seed of evil-doers shall not be named for ever", but rather be cast out of the grave, while "All the kings of the nations, all of them, slumber in celebrity, every one in his own house".[two] [63] Herbert Wolf held that the "rex of Babylon" was not a specific ruler simply a generic representation of the whole line of rulers.[64]

Isaiah fourteen:12 became a source for the popular conception of the fallen angel motif.[65] Rabbinical Judaism has rejected any belief in rebel or fallen angels.[66] In the 11th century, the Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer illustrates the origin of the "fallen angel myth" by giving ii accounts, one relates to the affections in the Garden of Eden who seduces Eve, and the other relates to the angels, the benei elohim who conjugate with the daughters of man (Genesis half-dozen:1–4).[67] An association of Isaiah xiv:12–xviii with a personification of evil, called the devil developed outside of mainstream Rabbinic Judaism in pseudepigrapha and Christian writings,[68] specially with the apocalypses.[69]

Equally the devil [edit]

The metaphor of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 practical to a king of Babylon gave rise to the general employ of the Latin word for "morning star", capitalized, as the original proper name of the devil before his fall from grace, linking Isaiah fourteen:12 with Luke 10 ("I saw Satan autumn like lightning from heaven")[70] and interpreting the passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.[71] [72]

Considering pride as a major sin peaking in cocky-deification, Lucifer (Helel) became the template for the devil.[73] As a result, Lucifer was identified with the devil in Christianity and in Christian pop literature",[5] equally in Dante Alighieri'due south Inferno, Joost van den Vondel's Lucifer, and John Milton's Paradise Lost.[74] Early medieval Christianity fairly distinguished between Lucifer and Satan. While Match, as the devil, is fixated in hell, Satan executes the desires of Lucifer as his vassal.[75] [76] Theologians however, made no distinction between Lucifer and Satan, regarding Lucifer equally Satan's primordial name.

Interpretations [edit]

Gustave Doré, illustration to Paradise Lost, book Nine, 179–187: "he [Satan] held on / His midnight search, where soonest he might finde / The Serpent: him fast sleeping soon he found".

Aquila of Sinope derives the give-and-take helel, the Hebrew name for the morning star, from the verb yalal (to lament). This derivation was adopted equally a proper name for an angel who laments the loss of his former beauty.[77] The Christian church building fathers – for example Hieronymus, in his Vulgate – translated this as Lucifer. The equation of Match with the fallen angel probably occurred in 1st century Palestinian Judaism. The church fathers brought the fallen lightbringer Lucifer into connection with the Devil on the basis of a saying of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke (10.eighteen Eu): "I saw Satan autumn from sky like lightning."[78]

Some Christian writers have applied the name "Friction match" every bit used in the Volume of Isaiah, and the motif of a heavenly beingness bandage down to the world, to the devil. Sigve 1000. Tonstad argues that the New Testament War in Heaven theme of Revelation 12, in which the dragon "who is chosen the devil and Satan ... was thrown downward to the globe", was derived from the passage nigh the Babylonian king in Isaiah 14.[79] Origen (184/185 – 253/254) interpreted such Quondam Attestation passages as being about manifestations of the devil.[80] [81] [82] Origen was not the start to interpret the Isaiah xiv passage as referring to the devil: he was preceded by at least Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 225), who in his Adversus Marcionem (book 5, chapters 11 and 17) twice presents as spoken by the devil the words of Isaiah fourteen:14: "I will ascend to a higher place the tops of the clouds; I will make myself like the Almost Loftier".[83] [84] [85] Though Tertullian was a speaker of the language in which the give-and-take "match" was created, "Friction match" is non among the numerous names and phrases he used to draw the devil.[86] Even at the time of the Latin writer Augustine of Hippo (354–430), a gimmicky of the composition of the Vulgate, "Lucifer" had not yet get a common name for the devil.[87]

Augustine of Hippo's work Civitas Dei (5th century) became the major opinion of Western demonology including in the Cosmic Church. For Augustine, the rebellion of the devil was the first and final cause of evil. By this he rejected some before teachings about Satan having fallen when the world was already created.[88] Further, Augustine rejects the thought that envy could have been the kickoff sin (as some early Christians believed, evident from sources similar Cave of Treasures in which Satan has fallen considering he envies humans and refused to prostrate himself before Adam), since pride ("loving yourself more than others and God" ) is required to exist envious ("hatred for the happiness of others").[89] He argues that evil came first into beingness by the free will of Match.[90] Friction match's attempt to take God'due south throne is non an attack on the gates of heaven, but a plough to solipsism in which the devil becomes God in his earth.[91] When the King of Babel uttered his phrase in Isaiah, he was speaking through the spirit of Match, the head of devils. He concluded that anybody who falls away from God are inside the body of Lucifer, and is a devil.[92]

Adherents of the King James Just motility and others who hold that Isaiah fourteen:12 does indeed refer to the devil accept decried the modernistic translations.[93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] An opposing view attributes to Origen the first identification of the "Lucifer" of Isaiah fourteen:12 with the devil and to Tertullian and Augustine of Hippo the spread of the story of Friction match equally fallen through pride, envy of God and jealousy of humans.[99]

Protestant theologian John Calvin rejected the identification of Lucifer with Satan or the devil. He said: "The exposition of this passage, which some have given, every bit if it referred to Satan, has arisen from ignorance: for the context patently shows these statements must exist understood in reference to the rex of the Babylonians."[100] Martin Luther also considered information technology a gross error to refer this verse to the devil.[101]

Counter-Reformation writers, similar Albertanus of Brescia, classified the vii mortiferous sins each to a specific Biblical demon.[102] He, as well as Peter Binsfield, assigned Lucifer to the sin pride.[103]

Gnosticism [edit]

Since Lucifer'south sin mainly consists of self-deification, some Gnostic sects identified Friction match with the creator deity in the Old Attestation.[104] In the Bogomil and Cathar text Gospel of the Secret Supper, Lucifer is a glorified affections but fell from sky to establish his ain kingdom and became the Demiurge who he created the material globe and trapped souls from heaven inside matter. Jesus descended to earth to free the captured souls.[105] [106] In contrast to mainstream Christianity, the cantankerous was denounced every bit a symbol of Lucifer and his musical instrument in an attempt to kill Jesus.[107]

Latter Day Saint movement [edit]

Lucifer is regarded inside the Latter Day Saint motion as the pre-mortal name of the devil. Mormon theology teaches that in a heavenly quango, Friction match rebelled confronting the plan of God the Father and was subsequently bandage out.[108] The Doctrine and Covenants reads:

And this nosotros saw too, and bear record, that an angel of God who was in authority in the presence of God, who rebelled against the Only Begotten Son whom the Father loved and who was in the bosom of the Father, was thrust down from the presence of God and the Son, and was called Perdition, for the heavens wept over him—he was Friction match, a son of the morn. And we beheld, and lo, he is fallen! is fallen, even a son of the morning time! And while we were yet in the Spirit, the Lord allowable u.s. that nosotros should write the vision; for nosotros beheld Satan, that old snake, even the devil, who rebelled against God, and sought to take the kingdom of our God and his Christ—Wherefore, he maketh state of war with the saints of God, and encompasseth them round most.

—Doctrine and Covenants 76:25–29[109]

Subsequently becoming Satan by his fall, Lucifer "goeth upwardly and down, to and fro in the world, seeking to destroy the souls of men".[110] Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints consider Isaiah 14:12 to be referring to both the rex of the Babylonians and the devil.[111] [112]

Other occurrences [edit]

Anthroposophy [edit]

Rudolf Steiner's writings, which formed the basis for Anthroposophy, characterised Friction match as a spiritual contrary to Ahriman, with Christ betwixt the two forces, mediating a balanced path for humanity. Lucifer represents an intellectual, imaginative, delusional, otherworldly force which might exist associated with visions, subjectivity, psychosis and fantasy. He associated Friction match with the religious/philosophical cultures of Egypt, Rome and Greece. Steiner believed that Lucifer, equally a supersensible Being, had incarnated in China virtually 3000 years earlier the birth of Christ.

Luciferianism [edit]

Luciferianism is a belief structure that venerates the fundamental traits that are attributed to Match. The custom, inspired by the teachings of Gnosticism, ordinarily reveres Lucifer not every bit the devil, but as a savior, a guardian or instructing spirit[113] or even the true god as opposed to Jehovah.[114]

In Anton LaVey'due south The Satanic Bible, Lucifer is ane of the four crown princes of hell, particularly that of the Eastward, the 'lord of the air', and is called the bringer of light, the morning star, intellectualism, and enlightenment.[115]

Freemasonry [edit]

Léo Taxil (1854–1907) claimed that Freemasonry is associated with worshipping Match. In what is known equally the Taxil hoax, he alleged that leading Freemason Albert Motorway had addressed "The 23 Supreme Confederated Councils of the world" (an invention of Taxil), instructing them that Lucifer was God, and was in opposition to the evil god Adonai. Taxil promoted a book by Diana Vaughan (actually written by himself, as he later confessed publicly)[116] that purported to reveal a highly hole-and-corner ruling trunk called the Palladium, which controlled the organisation and had a satanic calendar. Equally described by Freemasonry Disclosed in 1897:

With frightening cynicism, the miserable person we shall not proper name here [Taxil] alleged before an associates especially convened for him that for twelve years he had prepared and carried out to the end the near sacrilegious of hoaxes. We accept e'er been careful to publish special manufactures apropos Palladism and Diana Vaughan. We are now giving in this result a complete list of these articles, which can now be considered as not having existed.[117]

Supporters of Freemasonry assert that, when Albert Pike and other Masonic scholars spoke nearly the "Luciferian path," or the "energies of Friction match," they were referring to the Morn Star, the low-cal bearer, the search for light; the very antonym of dark. Pike says in Morals and Dogma, "Match, the Son of the Morn! Is it he who bears the Light, and with its splendors intolerable blinds feeble, sensual, or selfish Souls? Doubt information technology non!"[118] Much has been made of this quote.[119]

Taxil's work and Expressway's address continue to be quoted by anti-masonic groups.[120]

In Devil-Worship in France, Arthur Edward Waite compared Taxil'southward work to today's tabloid journalism, replete with logical and factual inconsistencies.

Neopagan witchcraft [edit]

In a drove of folklore and magical practices supposedly nerveless in Italy past Charles Godfrey Leland and published in his Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, the figure of Lucifer is featured prominently equally both the brother and consort of the goddess Diana, and male parent of Aradia, at the center of an alleged Italian witch-cult.[121] In Leland's mythology, Diana pursued her blood brother Lucifer beyond the heaven as a cat pursues a mouse. According to Leland, after dividing herself into lite and darkness:

"...Diana saw that the low-cal was so beautiful, the light which was her other half, her blood brother Lucifer, she yearned for it with exceeding great desire. Wishing to receive the light again into her darkness, to eat information technology up in rapture, in delight, she trembled with desire. This desire was the Dawn. Only Lucifer, the lite, fled from her, and would not yield to her wishes; he was the light which flies into the near distant parts of heaven, the mouse which flies before the cat."[122]

Here, the motions of Diana and Lucifer once over again mirror the angelic motions of the moon and Venus, respectively.[123] Though Leland'due south Lucifer is based on the classical personification of the planet Venus, he as well incorporates elements from Christian tradition, as in the post-obit passage:

"Diana greatly loved her blood brother Lucifer, the god of the Sun and of the Moon, the god of Light (Splendor), who was and then proud of his beauty, and who for his pride was driven from Paradise."[122]

In the several modern Wiccan traditions based in part on Leland's piece of work, the figure of Match is usually either omitted or replaced every bit Diana'southward consort with either the Etruscan god Tagni, or Dianus (Janus, following the work of folklorist James Frazer in The Golden Bough).[121]

Gallery [edit]

  • Lucifer, by Alessandro Vellutello (1534), for Dante's Inferno, canto 34

  • Mayor Hall and Friction match, past an unknown artist (1870)

Mod popular culture [edit]

See too [edit]

  • Angra Mainyu
  • Aphrodite
  • Astarte
  • Asura
  • Aurvandil, aka Earendel
  • Azazel
  • Devil in popular culture
  • Medico Faustus, tragic play past Christopher Marlowe
  • Erlik
  • Guardian of the Threshold
  • Inferno, first of the three canticas of Dante's Divine One-act
  • Luceafărul, a literary mag
  • Luceafărul, a verse form past the poet Mihai Eminescu
  • Lucifer and Prometheus
  • The Lucifer Effect
  • Luciform body
  • Lucis Trust
  • Phosphorus, the morning star, aka Eosphorus and Heosphorus
  • Shahar

References [edit]

  1. ^ Lucifer is the Latin name for the planet Venus in its morning time appearances. It corresponds to the Greek names Φωσφόρος , "light-bringer", and Ἑωσφόρος , "dawn-bringer".
  2. ^ a b c "Isaiah Chapter 14". mechon-mamre.org. The Mamre Institute. Retrieved 29 December 2014.
  3. ^ Quondam Testament Hebrew Lexical Dictionary.
  4. ^ Isaiah 14:12
  5. ^ a b Kohler, Kaufmann (2006). Heaven and Hell in Comparative Religion with Special Reference to Dante's Divine Comedy. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. pp. 4–5. ISBN0-7661-6608-2. Friction match, is taken from the Latin version, the Vulgate Originally published New York: The MacMillan Co., 1923.
  6. ^ "Latin Vulgate Bible: Isaiah fourteen". DRBO.org. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  7. ^ "Vulgate: Isaiah Affiliate fourteen" (in Latin). Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Curt, Charles. "A Latin Lexicon". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  9. ^ Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998). Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 193. ISBN978-one-57607-094-9. dixon-kennedy match.
  10. ^ Smith, William (1878). "Lucifer". A Smaller Classical Dictionary of Biography, Mythology, and Geography. New York Urban center: Harper. p. 235.
  11. ^ Catullus 62.8.
  12. ^ a b c "Lucifer" in Encyclopaedia Britannica].
  13. ^ Auffarth, Christoph; Stuckenbruck, Loren T., eds. (2004). The Autumn of the Angels. Leiden: BRILL. p. 62. ISBN978-xc-04-12668-8.
  14. ^ Cicero wrote: Stella Veneris, quae Φωσφόρος Graece, Latine dicitur Match, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos; The star of Venus, called Φωσφόρος in Greek and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the dominicus – De Natura Deorum 2, 20, 53.
    Pliny the Elder: Sidus appellatum Veneris … ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit … contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper (The star chosen Venus … when it rises in the morning is given the name Match … just when information technology shines at dusk it is chosen Vesper) Natural History 2, 36.
  15. ^ Virgil wrote:
    Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura
    carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent
    (Let usa hasten, when first the Forenoon Star appears, to the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy) [ane]Georgics 3:324–325.
    And Lucan:
    Match a Casia prospexit rupe diemque
    misit in Aegypton primo quoque sole calentem
    (The morning-star looked forth from Mount Casius and sent the daylight over Egypt, where fifty-fifty sunrise is hot) Lucan, Pharsalia, 10:434–435;
    English translation by J. D. Duff (Loeb Classical Library).
  16. ^ Ovid wrote:
    … vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu
    purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
    atria: diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit
    Friction match et caeli statione novissimus leave
    (Aurora, awake in the glowing eastward, opens wide her bright doors, and her rose-filled courts. The stars, whose ranks are shepherded past Lucifer the forenoon star, vanish, and he, terminal of all, leaves his station in the heaven) Metamorphoses 2.114–115; A. S. Kline's Version.
    And Statius:
    Et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto
    impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras,
    rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti
    sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras
    aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo
    Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem
    impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori
    (And now Aurora rising from her Mygdonian burrow had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Friction match averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until the blazing father make full his orb and forbid even his sis her beams) [2]Statius, Thebaid 2, 134–150;
    P. Papinius Statius (2007). Thebaid and Achilleid (PDF). Vol. II. Translated by A. Fifty. Ritchie; J. B. Hall. Collaboration with M. J. Edwards. ISBN978-1-84718-354-v. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23.
  17. ^ R. Southward. P. Beekes, Etymological Lexicon of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 492.
  18. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European Globe . Oxford: Oxford Academy Printing. p. 432. ISBN978-0-19-929668-2.
  19. ^ Astronomica 2. iv (trans. Grant).
  20. ^ Metamorphoses 2. 112 ff (trans. Melville).
  21. ^ Metamorphoses, xi:295.
  22. ^ Metamorphoses, eleven:271.
  23. ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus. Bibliotheca, i.seven.four.
  24. ^ "EOSPHORUS & HESPERUS (Eosphoros & Hesperos) – Greek Gods of the Morning time & Evening Stars".
  25. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum iii. nineteen.
  26. ^ Marvin Alan Sweeney (1996). Isaiah one–39. Eerdmans. p. 238. ISBN978-0-8028-4100-one . Retrieved 23 December 2012.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Charlesworth, James H., ed. (2010). The Old Testament pseudepigrapha. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN978-1-59856-491-4.
  • TBD; Elwell, Walter A.; Comfort, Philip Westward. (2001). Walter A. Elwell; Philip Wesley Comfort (eds.). Tyndale Bible Lexicon, Dayspring, Daystar. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale Firm Publishers. p. 363. ISBN0-8423-7089-7.
  • Campbell, Joseph (1972). Myths To Alive Past (Repr. 2nd ed.). [London]: Souvenir Printing. ISBN0-285-64731-8.

External links [edit]

  • The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2010). Match (classical mythology). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lucifer (devil)". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer

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